1960 Turkey 27 May REVOLUTION - Silver 10 Lira Coin Mustafa Kemal Atatürk i94386

Description

Item:
i94386
Authentic Coin of:
Turkey
27th May 1960 Revolution
1960
Silver 10 Lira 34mm (
14.98
grams) 0.830 Silver  (0.3977 oz. ASW)
Reference: KM# 894
TURKIYE CUMHURIYETI ON LIRA, Head of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk left.
Radiant crescent and star above torch, balance scales, crossed flag and wing; 27  MAY 1960 below.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of  Authenticity.
Mustafa  Kemal Atatürk
; (19 May 1881  –  10 November 1938) was a
Turkish
army officer,
revolutionary
, and the first
President of Turkey
. He is credited with being  the
founder
of the
Republic of Turkey
. His surname, Atatürk  (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him
in 1934
and forbidden to any other person by  the Turkish parliament.
Atatürk  was a military officer during
World War I
. Following the defeat of the
Ottoman Empire
in World War I, he led the
Turkish National Movement
in the
Turkish War of Independence
. Having established
a provisional government
in
Ankara
, he defeated the forces sent by the
Allies
, eventually leading to victory in the  Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political,  economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire  into a modern and
secular
nation-state. Under his leadership,  thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and  compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the  burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an  extensive policy of
Turkification
. The principles of
Atatürk's reforms
, upon which modern Turkey was  established, are referred to as
Kemalism
.
Turkey
,  officially the
Republic of Turkey
, is a
parliamentary republic
in
Eurasia
, mainly on the
Anatolian peninsula
in
Western Asia
, with a
smaller portion
on the
Balkan peninsula
in
Southeast Europe
. Turkey is bordered by eight  countries:
Syria
and
Iraq
to the south;
Iran
,
Armenia
, and the
Azerbaijani
exclave
of
Nakhchivan
to the east;
Georgia
to the northeast;
Bulgaria
to the northwest; and
Greece
to the west. The
Black Sea
is to the north, the
Mediterranean Sea
to the south, and the
Aegean Sea
to the west. The
Bosphorus
, the
Sea of Marmara
, and the
Dardanelles
(which together form the
Turkish Straits
) demarcate the boundary between
Thrace
and
Anatolia
; they also separate Europe and Asia.  Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of  significant geostrategic importance.
Turkey has been inhabited since the
paleolithic age
, including various
ancient Anatolian
civilizations,
Aeolian
,
Dorian
and
Ionian
Greeks
,
Thracians
,
Armenians
, and
Assyrians
. After
Alexander the Great
's conquest, the area was
Hellenized
, a process which continued under the
Roman Empire
and its transition into the
Byzantine Empire
. The
Seljuk Turks
began migrating into the area in  the 11th century, starting the process of
Turkification
, which was greatly accelerated by  the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the
Battle of Manzikert
in 1071. The
Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
ruled Anatolia until  the
Mongol invasion
in 1243, upon which it  disintegrated into several small
Turkish beyliks
.
Starting from the late 13th century, the
Ottomans
united Anatolia and created an empire  encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa,  becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the
early modern period
. The empire reached the  peak of its power between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially during the  1520–66 reign of
Suleiman the Magnificent
. After the
second Ottoman siege of Vienna
in 1683 and the  end of the
Great Turkish War
in 1699, the Ottoman Empire  entered a long
period of decline
. The
Tanzimat
reforms of the 19th century, which  aimed to modernize the Ottoman state, proved to be inadequate in most fields,  and failed to stop the
dissolution of the empire
.
Effectively controlled by the
Three Pashas
after the
1913 coup d'état
, the Ottoman Empire entered
World War I
(1914–18) on the side of the
Central Powers
and was ultimately defeated.  During the war, the Ottoman government committed
ethnic cleansing
or
genocide
against its
Armenian
,
Assyrian
and
Pontic Greek
citizens. Following the war, the  conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman  Empire was divided into
several new states
.
The
Turkish War of Independence
(1919–22),  initiated by
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
and his colleagues in
Anatolia
, resulted in the establishment of the  modern Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president. Turkey  is a
democratic
,
secular
,
unitary
,
constitutional republic
with a
diverse cultural heritage
. The country's  official language is
Turkish
, a
Turkic language
spoken natively by  approximately 85 percent of the population. 70–75 percent of the population are  ethnic
Turks
; and about 25-30% of the population  consists of recognized (
Armenians
,
Greeks
,
Jews
) and unrecognized (
Kurds
,
Circassians
,
Arabs
,
Albanians
,
Bosniaks
,
Georgians
, etc.) minorities. Kurds make up the  largest minority group. The vast majority of the population is
Sunni Muslim
, with
Alevis
making up the largest religious  minority. Turkey is a charter member of the
UN
, early member of
NATO
, and a founding member of the
OECD
,
OSCE
,
OIC
and the
G-20
. After becoming
one of the first members
of the
Council of Europe
in 1949, Turkey became an
associate member
of the
EEC
in 1963, applied for full EEC membership in  1987, joined the
EU Customs Union
in 1995 and started
accession negotiations
with the
European Union
in 2005. Turkey's growing  economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a
regional power
.
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